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Tuff City Records
Tuff City Records is a New York-based record label founded by journalist Aaron Fuchs in 1981.〔Verna, Paul (1994) "(Tuff City Records Moves Forward and Looks Back )," ''Billboard'', July 16, 1994, retrieved 2010-08-29〕 Initially concentrating on hip hop music, the label's roster expanded to include doo-wop, dancehall, and hip hop-jazz fusion, and releases included reissues of music from as far back as the 1940s.〔
==History==
Aaron Fuchs was a journalist with ''Cash Box'', and Tuff City was one of the earliest hip hop labels, with Fuchs quitting his job as a journalist to run the label.〔 After the label's first two releases, a distribution deal was signed with CBS Associated Records, although Tuff City severed the link after only a year.〔 The label pioneered the release of albums of break beats—the building blocks for others to use in their recordings.〔 Fuchs also bought the rights to earlier recordings that were sampled by others, bringing money into the label via licensing costs.〔〔Aswell, Tom (2010) ''(Louisiana Rocks! The True Genesis of Rock & Roll One )'', Pelican, ISBN 978-1-58980-677-1, p. 125〕 One of these, "Impeach the President" by the Honey Drippers, was the subject of a court case with Fuchs filing a lawsuit against Sony Music and Def Jam Recordings for illegally sampling the track on recordings by LL Cool J and EPMD.〔Perkins, William Eric (1995) ''(Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture )'', Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-56639-362-1, p. 9〕 The case was settled out of court.〔Forman, Murray & Neal, Mark Anthony (eds.) (2004) ''(That's the Joint! The Hip-hop Studies Reader )'', Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-96918-5, p. 455〕
In the mid-1990s, Tuff City launched the Ol' Skool Flava sub-label for reissues of classic hip hop material.〔Reynolds, J.R. (1995) "(Tuff City Plans Aggressive Campaign for Rap Reissues )," ''Billboard'', June 24, 1995, retrieved 2010-08-29〕〔Sansone, Glen (1995) "(Bonus Beats )," ''CMJ New Music Monthly'', October 1995, retrieved 2010-08-29〕 Another sub-label, Night Train International, was established to re-release Academy, Lucky Four and Magic Touch blues and rhythm and blues music. Works of Professor Longhair, James Booker, Tuts Washington and Lenny LaCour, among others, have been released by the label.〔Tuff City Records, (Night Train International Product Overview ). Retrieved 2012-01-02.〕
In subsequent years the label began reissue projects in soul with Soul-Tay-Shus Records, funk with Funky Delicacies, and New York latin music with Andale Records. Via its subsidiary Tufamerica, Tuff City became also known for suing artists like Kanye West and the Beastie Boys for their use of samples the rights to which Tuff City acquired for this purpose.〔http://www.spin.com/articles/kanye-west-my-beautiful-dark-twisted-fantasy-sample-lawsuit-tuf-america/〕〔http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/beastie-boys-beat-lawsuit-pauls-784233〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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